Druid - Dreamwalking - DPS/Healer Hybrid
Grow mushrooms that heal or blow up. Summon treants that fight for you, growing bigger and more numerous as you progress. Supercharge your thorns and roots. With no points, all Druids get aoe mushroom traps and some additional thorns-themed nature damage spells. With some points, the ability to detonate mushrooms gives useful AoE healing and damage, and the ability to summon a minion makes levelling easier. With lots of points, you become a utility powerhouse with incredible CC and minions that can off-heal and off-tank for you, but your own damage and healing suffers rom neglect.
Hunter
Packleading - DPS
Gain the ability to lead packs of up to 3 pets, instead of just one, at the cost of most of your own personal power. Each pet is individually weaker than for other hunters, but if you are able to coordinate and manage them properly you can achieve incredible things. To make this work at its best, some new pet families should be added to provide more options for ranged, healing, and cc pets.
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Scouting - Support
Replace your ability to tame pets with the ability to go into stealth. Improve your ability to mark targets or parts of the battlefield with additional marks that radically increase your party's strength against those targets. Gain strong attacks from stealth, as well as melee attacks that can disorient enemies and help you regain range or return to stealth. With no points, gain different types of marks and a few melee strikes. With some points, gain stealth and a guarilla-warfare-like combat style that can complement your rotations from other trees. With lots of points, become a team-support specialist that directs the battlefield while remaining unseen.
Mage
Battle - DPS/Tank Hybrid
Gain melee attacks and reactive shields, including the ability to regain mana from fighting in melee. Depending on how you build your character, this may be a simple melee dps spec, or a dps/tanking hybrid that gains damage as it takes damage, gains mana as it deals damage, and thrives when given the opportunity to bounce between melee, ranged, tanking, and dps alternately as the fight progresses. With no points, new melee attacks add some panic buttons. With some points, weaving into and out of melee allows a mage to last longer in a fight. With lots of points, you become one of the most challenging but rewarding hybrid specs with the ability to take heat off your tank or change the course of a battle that's going sideways.
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Time - Healer
Rewind damage, remove debuffs, restore characters to their previous state, or accelerate injuries on your enemies. With no points, all mages gain the ability to shed certain debuffs, teleport back to a previous position, or decrepify enemies. With some points, you sacrifice the pure damage potential of other specs for greater survivability and some added utility, including the ability to heal while levelling or if your party overlevels the content. With lots of points, you become a pure healer on par with any other.
Paladin - Inspiration - Support
Your blessings and auras become the core of your role in the group, gaining massively increased power at the cost of your own personal power. Actively empower your auras and provide additional benefits to allies standing within your consecrated ground. With no points, you can temporarily boost the power of your auras and can both refresh and spread your consecration. With some points, strengthening your auras becomes a core part of your rotation, providing group utility in return for some lost personal power. With lots of points, you become a pure support specialist focussed entirely on maximizing the effects of your buffs, providing more damage and damage reduction to your allies than any single dpser could ever hope to provide on their own.
Priest
Monasticism - DPS
Your faith is your armour and your weapon. Wielding a mace and shield, staff, or pair of fist weapons, you drive into the thick of melee and let the light itself keep you there. Your attacks can restore stacks of Inner Fire, while other abilities can utilize these stacks for additional effects. With no points, all priests gain a few new melee attacks. With some points, fighting in melee can help you regenerate mana and fire off the occasional instant heal. With lots of points, the choice of which weapon type you want to specialize in becomes a choice of gameplay style, whether you focus on survivability (mace), utility (staff), or full-throttle dps (fists).
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Inquisition - DPS
With your Bonded Retainer at your side, you strike a balance between rooting out corruption with shadow magic, and purging it from existence with holy fire. With no points, all priests gain some interesting new utility effects, such as a new shadow-based spell that causes all subsequent smites on the target to also spread healing to your allies, or a new healing spell that targets the enemy and causes each of their attacks to heal their target. With some points, you gain the ability to summon your Bonded Retainer, which can tank and dps for you while gaining bonus damage whenever it soaks up your heals, making it a powerful boon to any other spec. With lots of points, you become an unusual pet-based dps spec that weaves holy damage, shadow damage, and heals together.
Rogue - Inspiration - Support
Sing balads, tap out rhythms, take the stage and be the centre of attention... then skulk away at the perfect moment carrying everyone else's pocket change. This support spec is all about timing, with some effects that qualitatively change based on combo points, and others you need to balance with your energy regen to maximize their duration. With no points, new rhythm-based skills can add a dynamic new combat style to certain specs, and some new support skills can give you the choice to trade damage for group buffs. With some points, the ability to draw threat or redirect it towards a designated target gives you added control over the battlefield, and your longer lasting group-support buffs become worthwhile uses for your combo points. With lots of points, you dedicate yourself entirely to the support role, focusing all of your energy on maintaining the perfect rhythm.
Shaman - Spirit Walking - Support
The Tauren Spirit Walkers have the tradition to together bind the spirits of their allies, making the group stronger than the sum of its members. Sharing this tradition with the rest of the Horde, Shamans can now learn several different spells that can share damage, buffs, and healing across the party, or the enemy's party, as well as new spells that can inflict damage directly to enemies' spirits. With no points, you gain a variety of spirit links that can spread damage and healing, as well as new attacks spells that bypass damage resistance. With some points, your spirit links become the key to your strength, allowing you to greatly amplify or dampen effects instead of just spreading them around. With lots of points, you can share and balance life totals across the party, making it difficult for any of you to fall unless you all do.
Warlock - Metamorphosis - Tank
Lock tank. AoE self-immolation. The shift and its melee skills are baseline, provided you sacrifice your pet for it, but the power to tank while shifted comes from the spec.
Warrior - Command - Support
Issue commands to your party, and they receive buffs when following them. Switch into Command Stance to supercharge your shouts. You aren't just the front line, but the battle-hardened veteran capable of seeing through the haze of battle and keeping your allies fighting. With no points, additional shouts can give you new utility options, and commands can buff your allies if you've got the thread to switch into Command Stance and throw them out. With some points, stance dancing between Command Stance and your other stances can make you a devastating field commander in addition to your other roles, trading some damage or damage reduction for powerful group buffs. With lots of points, command becomes your primary responsibility, turning you into a pure support spec that can draw rage from the battle around you even without attacking yourself.
Wording note:
Hybrid: spec that does multiple roles at once, or that can switch between multiple roles within a single fight. For ex: Balance Druid, Feral Druid, Enh Shaman, Ele Shaman, Ret Paladin, Shadow Priest.
Support: spec that has the parimary responsibility of buffing allies, bringing as much as or more to the group than they would if they were another DPS. May or may not have some ability to heal, but can't function as a main healer (that would make them a hybrid). Just like with tanks and healers, multiple supports don't stack well enough to be worthwhile unless you're in a raid.
Utility: spec that offers useful things over and above their normal role, such as CC, cleansing, or misdirection.